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who from thenceforth were tributary to the Manchu Emperors. I myself on the 3rd January, 1908, at Ning-chiang Chou(444) in Shensi province met a Nepalese official, Colonel Khyrub Bahadur, at the head of a mission of some fifty Gurkhas and twenty Tibetans on his way from Khatmandu to Peking bearing tribute from the Maharaja of Nepal to the Manchu Emperor. But it must now be many years since Nepal last sent tribute to China, and it may be doubted whether China will ever again claim Nepal as a vassal state.
7.
Eastern Turkestan was conquered, lost and recon- quered several times by the Manchu dynasty, and it finally became a Chinese colony, in which Chinese rule was really made effective, after the defeat of Yakub Beg in 1877. When I travelled across this country in 1907,law and order was well maintained there by the central Chinese Goverment; but many signs already indicated an increasing Russian influence. Nowadays, I understand, Bolshevism permeates Chinese Turkestan; and so far as I can ascertain, the local authorities are a lav to themselves. It remains to be seen whether, under such con- ditions, Chinese influence will remain dominant in a country where the population is mainly non-Chinese and the prevailing language is Turki.
8.
Prior to the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5,Mongolia had been on the point of falling into the hands of Russia: but, as the result of this war,China temporarily regained control. The territory is roughly divided into two parts --"Inner Mongolia" comprising the region between the desert of Gobi, the Great Wall and Manchuria, while the remainder is known as "Outer Mongolia". On the downfall of the Manchu dynasty, the Mongols on the 1st December,1911, effected a coup d'état in Urga and declared their independence, the Urga Hutuktu being proclaimed Huler. Since then the country has gone through many vicissitudes and eventually on the 5th November,1921, a treaty was signed at Moscow whereby the Russian Soviet and "the
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